View source for Canon:Gary Gygax

[[Image:Gary Gygax.jpg|thumb|Gary Gygax in 2004]]

'''Ernest Gary Gygax''' (born July 27, 1938, in Chicago, Illinois; died March 04, 2008) is best known as the author of the well known fantasy role-playing game ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' (''D&D''),  co-created  with [[Dave Arneson]] and co-published with [[Don Kaye]] in 1974 under the company [[TSR, Inc.|Tactical Studies Rules]]. Gygax is sometimes described as the father of the role-playing game.<ref name="gamespy">[http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html Gamespy interview with Gary Gygax]</ref>

==Biography==

Gygax is the son of Swiss immigrant, Martin Gygax and an American mother. His gaming experiences began at the age of five and six with playing [[wikipedia:pinochle|pinochle]] and [[wikipedia:chess|chess]] as well as the usual pretend games of any child that could be likened to live action role-playing together with [[Jim Rasch]] as referee/game master, [[John Rasch]] and [[Don Kaye]] as fellow participants. At about the same time Gygax began educating himself in science fiction novels with [[wikipedia:Ray Bradbury|Ray Bradbury]]'s  ''The Veldt'' in Bluebook and [[wikipedia:Robert E. Howard|Robert E. Howard]]’s ''Conan the Conqueror''.

<blockquote>"I've been reading fantasy since 1950."<ref name="gamespy">[http://pc.gamespy.com/articles/538/538817p1.html Gamespy interview with Gary Gygax Interview]", interview by Allen Rausch (URL accessed on January 3, 2005)</ref></blockquote>

In 1953 Gygax first started playing [[wikipedia:Miniature wargaming|miniature war games]] with Don Kaye.

The game ''Gettysburg'' from the Avalon Hill company captured Gygax's attention. It was from the same company that he placed an order for the first blank hexagon mapping sheets that were available. He was also looking for new ways to generate random numbers.  To that end, he used not only the usual cubical (six-sided) dice, but dice of all five platonic solid shapes.

In 1966, the International Federation of Wargamers (IFW) was created by Gygax and others.<ref name="history">"<cite>1966 * International Federation of Wargamers formed by Gary Gygax and other wargamers.</cite>" [http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp The History of TSR], [[Wizards of the Coast]] (URL accessed on August 20, 2005)</ref>

In 1967, a 20-person gaming get-together was organized by Gary Gygax at his home including the basement sand table. This was later called "''Gen Con 0''" as it led to the start of the annual [[Gen Con]] gaming convention the following year, which is now the world's largest annual hobby-game gathering.<ref name="longbio">Gary Gygax, "''LONG BIOGRAPHY of E(rnest) GARY GYGAX''", revision 6-05, ©2005</ref> Gen Con is also where Gary Gygax would meet [[Brian Blume]] and [[Dave Arneson]]. Brian Blume would later enter into TSR as partner with Don Kaye and Gary.

<blockquote>"I'm very fond of the Medieval period, the Dark Ages in particular. We started playing in the period because I had found appropriate miniatures. I started devising rules where what the plastic figure was wearing was what he had. If he had a shield and no armor, then he just has a shield. Shields and half-armor = half-armor rules; full-armor figure = full armor rules. I did rules for weapons as well."<ref name="gamespy"/></blockquote>

Together with Don Kaye, Mike Reese and Leon Tucker, a military miniatures society would be created under the name Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association (LGTSA) which at the time also met in Gary's basement.<ref name="longbio"/>

Gygax and Jeff Perren wrote ''[[Chainmail]]'', a miniatures wargame from which ''D&D'' was developed, in 1971.<ref>[http://www.acaeum.com/ddindexes/setpages/chainmail.html Chainmail]</ref>

Gygax and Kaye then founded the publishing company [[Tactical Studies Rules]] (TSR) and published the first version of ''D&D'' in 1974. For the spell systems, Gygax would be inspired by [[wikipedia:Jack Vance|Jack Vance]], but also draw upon such renowned fantasy authors as [[wikipedia:Robert E. Howard|Robert E. Howard]], [[wikipedia:L. Sprague de Camp|L. Sprague de Camp]] and [[wikipedia:Fritz Leiber|Fritz Leiber]]. The hand-assembled print run of 1000 copies sold out in nine months.<ref name="longbio"/> In the same year, Gygax hired Tim Kask to help make the transition of ''The Strategic Review'' to the fantasy periodical today known as ''[[Dragon Magazine]]'' with Gygax as author and later as columnist.<ref name="longbio"/>

After the death of Kaye in 1976, his widow sold her shares to Gygax. Gygax then owned a controlling share of the whole partnership Tactical Studies Rules, and created ''[[TSR, Inc.|TSR Hobbies, Inc]]''. He sold it soon after to Brian Blume and his brother Kevin because of money problems. The Blume family owned roughly two-thirds of TSR Hobbies by late 1976. 

Tactical Studies Rules published the two first printings of the original ''D&D'' and ''TSR Hobbies, Inc.'' went on with the game.

A few years later a new version of ''D&D'' was created, ''[[Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]]'' (AD&D) (1977–9).<ref name="gamespy"/> The ''[[Monster Manual]]'' would be the first rule book of the new system. The new rules were not compatible with D&D.  As a result, the D&D and AD&D had distinct product lines and expansions.

Gary Gygax left TSR in 1985 during changes in TSR's management.  This development arose while Gary was preoccupied with making the CBS cartoon series ''Dungeons & Dragons''.

<blockquote>"I was pretty much boxed out of the running of the company because the two guys, who between them had a controlling interest, thought they could run the company better than I could. I was set up because I could manage. In 1982 nobody on the West Coast would deal with TSR, but they had me start a new corporation called "Dungeons and Dragons Entertainment." It took a long time and a lot of hard work to get to be recognized as someone who was for real and not just a civilian, shall we say, in entertainment. Eventually, though, we got the cartoon show going (on CBS) and I had a number of other projects in the works. While I was out there, though, I heard that the company was in severe financial difficulties and one of the guys, the one I was partnered with, was shopping it on the street in New York. I came back and discovered a number of gross mismanagements in all areas of the company. The bank was foreclosing and we were a million and a half in debt. We eventually got that straightened out, but I kind of got one of my partners kicked out of office. (Kevin Blume, who was removed as TSR CEO in 1984 - ed.). Then my partners, in retribution for that, sold his shares to someone else (Lorraine Williams - ed.). I tried to block it in court, but in the ensuing legal struggle the judge ruled against me. I lost control of the company, and it was then at that point I just decided to sell out."<ref name="gamespy"/></blockquote>

After leaving TSR Gary Gygax created ''[[Dangerous Journeys]]'', an advanced RPG spanning multiple genres containing almost every rule that Gary could think of.<ref name="gamespy"/> He began work in 1995 on a major new RPG, originally intended for a computer game, but in 1999 released as ''[[Lejendary Adventure]]'' which some consider to be his best work to date. A key part of its design was to keep the gaming rules as simple as possible, as Gygax felt that role playing games were becoming too complex and discouraged new users.

He is now in semi-retirement<ref name="gamespy"/>, having almost suffered a [[wikipedia:myocardial infarction|heart attack]] after receiving incorrect medication<ref name="longbio"/> to prevent further [[wikipedia:Cerebrovascular accident|strokes]] after those on April 1 and May 4 2004.  Although working hours have declined gaming is still very much a part of Gary's life. Together with [[James M. Ward]], creator of ''Metamorphosis Alpha'' and ''Gamma World'', Thursday night is RPG night.<ref name="longbio"/> Gygax is still active in the gaming community and has active Q & A forums on gaming websites such as [[Dragonsfoot]] and [[EN World]].

In 2005, Gygax returned to the [[Dungeons and Dragons]] RPG with his involvement in the creation of the [[Castles & Crusades]] system with Troll Lord Games.  Troll Lord Games has published ''Castle Zagyg'', the previously unreleased, original version of Gygax's [[Castle Greyhawk]], the original dungeon setting for D&D. 

<blockquote>"I would like the world to remember me as the guy who really enjoyed playing games and sharing his knowledge and his fun pastimes with everybody else."<ref name="gamespy"/></blockquote>

In 2007, Gygax had a special guest appearance as himself on the G4TV show Code Monkeys, when Todd sought him out and offered actress Molly Ringwald as a "virgin sacrifice" to Gygax to get him to restore Todd's charisma points.

Gygax says he has been diagnosed with an inoperable [[wikipedia:abdominal aortic aneurysm|abdominal aortic aneurysm]].<ref>Gary Gygax posting as "Col_Pladoh", [http://www.dragonsfoot.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=15314&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=105&sid=db16c8f18f906f99e40482f97adb3693 Q&A With Gary Gygax, Part V]</ref><ref>Paul La Farge, [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200609/?read=article_lafarge Destroy All Monsters] in ''The Believer Magazine''</ref>.

===Personal===
Gygax married Gail Carpenter on August 15, 1987, which was the same day as his parents' 50th anniversary. As of 2005, he is father to six and grandfather to seven. His first five children are from his first marriage to the former Mary Jo Gygax. His latest is through his current marriage, and was born on 1986.<ref name="longbio"/>. Gygax currently resides in [[wikipedia:Lake Geneva, Wisconsin|Lake Geneva]], Wisconsin. Gary describes his studio in his typical narrative fashion as,

<blockquote>a small but sunny upper room—cluttered with books, magazines, papers, and who-knows-what else. Right now, pending the redecorating of that room, I am lodged in the downstairs dining room at a long table that holds two computers and a scanner, with the printer hiding to one side below it. The radio there in the studio was usually tuned to a classical music station, but the station was sold, programming changed, so now I work sans music, or now and then with a CD playing through the computer.  While there are bookcases in the upper studio, elsewhere on the second floor, and on the first floor, the main repository of printed lore (other than that piled here and there) is my basement library which includes thousands of reference works, maps, magazines, and works of fiction.<ref name="longbio"/></blockquote>

===Awards===
Gary Gygax has received several awards related to gaming:<ref name="longbio"/>
*Strategists Club's "Outstanding Designer & Writer" — for creating D&D
*Origin Game Convention's "Adventure Gaming Hall of Fame" 
*Origins Award, Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts & Design Hall of Fame Honors (2004) 
*Four time winner of [[Games Day]]'s "Best Games Inventor" (1979–82)
*GenCon 2007 (40th Anniversary), Premiere Guest of Honor

Gary Gygax was tied with J. R. R. Tolkien for #18 on "GameSpy's 30 Most Influential People in Gaming" (''Gamespy Magazine'', March 2002).

As of March 13, 2003, Gygax is listed under the entry ''Dungeons and Dragons'' in the Oxford English Dictionary.

A strain of bacteria has been named in honor of Gary Gygax, namely "''Arthronema gygaxiana sp nov UTCC393''".<ref>"''Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Ten Polar and Near-Polar Strains within the Oscillatoriales'' (Cyanobacteria)", by Dale A. Casamatta, Jeffrey R. Johansen, Morgan L. Vis, and Sharon T. Broadwater, ''Journal of Phycology'', 2005</ref>

''Sync'' Magazine named Gary Gygax #1 on the list of "The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time".<ref>Number 1: Gary Gyrax: "<cite>Cocreator of Dungeons & Dragons and father of role-playing games. <br /> Defining nerd moment: With a last name that sounds like a barbarian warrior from space, is it any wonder this guy invented the 20-sided die? Between 1977 and 1979, Gygax released Advanced Dungeons & Dragons for advanced dorks, taking the cult phenomenon to new heights whilst giving himself a +5 salary of lordly might.</cite>" ''Sync'' Magazine, December/January 2004/05</ref>

''SFX'' Magazine listed him as #37 on the list of the "50 Greatest [[Wikipedia:Sci-Fi|SF]] Pioneers".<ref>''SFX'' Magazine March (#128) 2005</ref>

==Job titles==
*1970–73 – Editor-in-Chief, [[Guidon Games]] (publisher of Wargaming rules and wargames)
*1973–83 – Partner of TSR and then President of TSR Hobbies, Inc.
*1983–85 – President, DUNGEONS & DRAGONS Entertainment Corporation
:::Co-Producer, [[Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)|''Dungeons & Dragons'' animated television show]] 
*1983–85 – Chairman of the Board of Directors of TSR, Inc.; also President (1985)   
*1986–88 – Chairman of the Board of Directors, New Infinities Productions, Inc.
*1988–94 – Creator/author under contract to Omega Helios Limited	
*1995— &nbsp;&nbsp;– Creator/author under contract to Trigee Enterprises Corporation
*1999— &nbsp;&nbsp;– Partner, [[Hekaforge Productions]]

==Role-playing games==
===Dungeons & Dragons===
{{see also|Dungeons & Dragons}}
*Supplements:
**''Greyhawk'' (with [[Rob Kuntz]])
**''Eldritch Wizardry'' (with Brian Blume)
**''Swords & Spells''
*Accessories:
**''The Book of Marvelous Magic'' (with [[Frank Mentzer]])
*Adventures:
**''[[The Keep on the Borderlands|B2 The Keep on the Borderlands]]''

===Advanced Dungeons & Dragons===
{{see also|Advanced Dungeons & Dragons}}
*Rule books:
**''[[Players Handbook|Player's Handbook]]''
**''[[Dungeon Master's Guide]]''
**''[[Monster Manual]]''
**''[[Monster Manual|Monster Manual II]]'' 
*Supplements:
**''Unearthed Arcana''
**''Oriental Adventures'' (with Dave Cook & Francois Froideval)
*Accessories:
**''Dungeon Geomorphs'' (3 sets)
**''Outdoor Geomorphs''
**''Monster & Treasure Assortments'' (3 sets)
*Adventures:
**''[[Descent into the Depths of the Earth|D1 Descent Into the Depths of the Earth]]''
**''D2 Shrine of the Kuo-Toa''
**''[[Vault of the Drow|D3 Vault of the Drow]]''
**''[[Dungeonland]]''
**''[[The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror]]''
**''G1 Steading of the Hill Giant Chief''
**''G2 Glacial Rift of the Frost Giant Jarl''
**''G3 Hall of the Fire Giant King''
**''[[Queen of the Demonweb Pits|Q1 Queen of the Demonweb Pits]]'' (with Dave Sutherland)
**''[[Tomb of Horrors|S1 Tomb of Horrors]]''
**''[[Expedition to the Barrier Peaks|S3 Expedition to the Barrier Peaks]]''
**''S4 The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth''
**''T1 The Village of Hommlet''
**''[[The Temple of Elemental Evil|T1-4 The Temple of Elemental Evil]]'' (with Frank Mentzer)
**''[[Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun]]''
**''[[Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure]]''
**''[[Isle of the Ape]]''

===Other d20 System games===
(see also [[d20 System]] & [[Open Game License]])
* ''A Challenge of Arms'' - (Chris Clark with Gary Gygax) generic adventure module, [[Inner City Game Designs]], 1999
* ''Ritual of the Golden Eyes'' - (Chris Clark with Gary Gygax) generic adventure module, Inner City Game Designs, 2000
* ''The Weyland Smith Catalog'' - ("Joke" Magic Items), short version, Hekaforge Productions, 1999
* ''Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds'' Series from Troll Lord Games. Volumes IV, V, VI, VII are edited by Gygax.
** Volume I ''Gary Gygax’s The Canting Crew'', explores the underworld of city life, "Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds, Volume II"
** Volume II ''Gary Gygax’s World Builder'', a collection of organized definitions, lists, tables and charts, (with Dan Cross) – 2003
** Volume III ''Gary Gygax’s Living Fantasy'', Everyday Life, –  2003
** Volume IV ''Gary Gygax’s Book of Names'' by [[Malcolm Bowers]] 
** Volume V ''Gary Gygax’s Insidiae'' by [[Dan Cross]] 2004
** Volume VI ''Gary Gygax’s Nation Builder'', by [[Michael J. Varhola]] –  2005
** Volume VII ''Gary Gygax’s Cosmos Builder'', by [[Richard T. Balsley]] –  2006

===Periodicals===
*''The Crusader'' &ndash; magazine, column on the creation of the D&D game beginning 2005
*''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon Magazine]]'' - author to 1985, and a columnist therein 1999 to 2004
*''Journeys Journal'' (GDW) -  contributor in each of six issues published through 1993
*''Lejends'' (Total Reality Studios) &ndash; magazine, major contributor, 2001 to 2003
*''Mythic Masters'' (Trigee) - magazine, primary author of entire 64-page magazine for each of six issues published through 1994
*''The Strategic Review'' (Tactical Studies Rules) &ndash; newsletter, primary author of entire magazine for each of the initial four issues, and a major contributor to the balance of all issues until DRAGON Magazine came into print.
*''La Vivandiere'' (Palikar Publications) &ndash; defunct wargaming magazine, contributing author (1974), significant contributions include "[[Fantasy Wargaming and the Influence of J.R.R. Tolkien]]", in which he defends D&D's inclusion of non-Tolkien fantasy into the game.

==Bibliography==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* "[http://www.lejendary.com/la/template.php?page=garygygax&style=blaze An Interview with Gary Gygax]" by Christopher Smith on the Lejendary Adventure website.
* [http://www.trolllord.com/gygax.htm Gygax] at Troll Lord Games is a listing of the Gary Gygax branded products sold by them.
* "[http://www.kittenpants.org/11_Loneliest/gygax.asp Interview: Gary Gygax]" at Kittenpants.org
* [http://www.dragonsfoot.org/forums/viewforum.php?f=3/ Q&A with Gary Gygax] at Dragonsfoot
* "[http://www.thekyngdoms.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=37 The Ultimate Interview with Gary Gygax]" at thekyngdoms.com

{{Wikipedia|Gary Gygax}}

[[Category:Writers|Gygax, Gary]]